OVERVIEW Certificate management often starts small. A Linux server needs a certificate, so a script handles it. Kubernetes is introduced, so an ACME workflow is added. A load balancer needs certificates, so another integration is configured. IIS needs a different process. Windows machines use auto-enrollment. Each solution may work perfectly well on its own. The problem appears when those individual solutions grow into a fragmented certificate estate with different tools, owners, renewal processes and sources of truth. At that point, the question changes from: “Can we automate this certificate?” to: “Can we discover, monitor, renew, govern and report on all of our certificates from one operational layer?”