Microsoft Active Directory Certificate Services (AD CS) auto-enrollment can make certificate management almost invisible. For domain-joined Windows users and computers, certificates can be automatically requested and renewed based on certificate templates, permissions and Group Policy. That is one of the strengths of AD CS. The challenge appears as the certificate estate grows. More endpoints mean more certificates and renewals. More templates mean more policies to manage. Security changes may require certificates across a large fleet to be replaced. And operations teams increasingly need to know not only whether certificates can renew, but whether they actually did. The question therefore changes from: Can AD CS automatically enroll certificates? to: Can we see and govern the certificate lifecycle across the entire fleet? That is where Certificate Lifecycle Management (CLM) becomes relevant.